Vox tone stack. It darkens the tone a bit and helps tame the high end.

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Vox tone stack Preamp and Tone Control Circuits A single 12AX7 tube powered the front end of the Vox TB18C1. When designing the DDS-2250V, I had the choice of the traditional Fender/Vox/Marshall tone stack using Bass/Mid/Treble controls, or using a passive version of the Baxandall Bass/Treble tone stack which is popular on hi-fi equipment. neil young is famous for his Whizzer, a contraption that allows him to change the knobs on his amp remotely, rather than just tone adjustment pedals. The ToneLab ST maintains the sophisticated specifications of the Valvetronix series, while packaging them into a compact unit that allows anyone to easily experience true tube powered sound. The real While the coefficients given here are for the 1959 Fender Bassman tone stack, most tone stacks (Fender, Marshall, Vox) are the same circuit with different component values for the capacitors and resistors, or different relationship between the A 10 Volt input signal swing can loose up to 70% of energy just to drive the tone stack so if you are chasing lots of preamp drive it is a handicap. one/ 2020-07-13 6:53 pm Funny, I was JUST using it to fine tweak a VOX style It should; it's more-or-less a James tone stack plus mid-shift resistor (that's the 100k resistor between the Treble and Bass pots). Compact yet potent, it comes with the signature chrome stand and classic Vox style, making it a stylish and sonically rich addition to any guitarist's home Traditional VOX AC tones, powered by Nutube, with a maximum output of 50W (at 4 ohms) An open backed cabinet equipped with one 10 inch Celestion speaker; Onboard digital reverb & NuTube driven tremolo; Throughout VOX’s history, the AC100 stack set, wrapped in its chrome frame stand, stands out as one of the amps that exemplifies VOX and Vox V125 Lead Stack. It's an old idea but pretty useable. This makes quite a difference in the way the amps sound. 8k Middle tone resistor's) ground. The tone stack has an architecture that is similar to the Fender Bassman, but without a middle control. Exactly which Tone Stack each builder chooses to deploy on each of their specific gain pedal/s - how complex and impactful (range, focus, taper etc. What are we building? One note to be made is – all of the tone stacks I’ll be looking into are passive tone stacks. It darkens the tone a bit and helps tame the high end. Stack Exchange Network. Mod 2 - AC30 tonestack mod: (Original vintage tonestack setup for AC15/30) This one is a little tricky, since there are no spaces on the board to solder a jumper wire off the bass tone pot. It is a real time interactive thing that presents a number of common EQ (tone control) circuits, and the frequency response curce of each, PLUS, you can turn the controls and watch what the And etc. The two outputs cancel each other out as the pot is turned. If you look at many FMV tonestack response graphs I used the Tone Stack Calculator application to plot the frequency response of the tone stack, and compare it to those of Pathfinder 15r and an old school VOX stack. Filters I find the Vox tone stack very hard to dial in. Because of the configuration of the tone stack in a Vox, among several other circuit differences, the low point of the mid-scoop is higher in a Vox--around 800hz. TMB tone stack, used in hundreds of amps, can easily be used as a single knob tone control. Many different tone stack implementations exist, but Vox Tone Stack Flat The bottom line is, if you are using a modeler to emulate an amp you need to provide a flat frequency response in the amp it is driving or you are going to get some cut and boosted frequencies that just The Duncanamps site has calculators for Fender modern, Vox, Marshall, James (passive predecessor to Baxandall), Fender E series, Steve Bench, Hiwatt tone stack, and The Fender/Marshall/VOX TMB(Treble Mid Bass) tone stack has been around since the 1950's and has become a staple with Fender and Marshall amps. Member. I do agree they sound almost the same at any volume. . Because this type of tone stack really loads down the guitar signal being able to eliminate the tone stack is a valuable option. Baxandall stack. If the tone stack components are off, insert the Unlock the potential of your USB-equipped VOX product with the all-new Tone Room software! Tone Room allows for easier editing of your favorite amp models and effects and also makes for simple organization of your favorite presets. History of Vox in the UK; JMI Era Vox Amps: 1959-65; The P15SMR Pathfinder Mini Stack uses the solid state 15 watt chassis from the Vox Pathfinder Reverb combo amp but now mounted into a head cabinet and coupled to a compact closed back speaker enclosure. 2 Artists. The Marshall values cut the least mids and the most bass. Vox AC30 (test tone) **EDIT** The relationship of the 2 EL84's seems to create a better tone than the 4-stack to my ear. Compared to the original TSC, the sweep feature and some other (minor) things are still missing from the web-implementation. Different Tone Stacks have endlessly fascinated me over the years. This Vox AC15 Stack puts the classic sound and power of a Vox tube amp at the end of your guitar cable. It shows how different parts, such as the preamp, power amp, and tone stack, are connected and interact with each other. Each EQ voicingbass, treble and occasionally middleinteracts independently of each other. vintage or discontinued. Tone stacks – especially the three-knob sort – suck out loads of gain, and usually have at least one extra gain stage to drive them. :) In some random thread almost two years ago there was some interest for having the classic Duncan's Tone Stack Calculator as a web-application. The head contains the electronics and the cab swaps out the original P15R's 8-inch speaker for twin 10-inch Vox special design "Bulldog" speakers. Below is the Duncan Tone Stack Calculator. I had mild success with a TS9 and a Soul Food, but the absolute #1 pedal for my lead sound was a Keeley Java Boost (Treble Booster). Changing this to the “vintage” 47pf value very slightly reduces the treble. 1. Not that this is a bad tone, it just isn’t a good bassline for reference. We do not have a download file for the latest version (1. The Vox/Bruno TB18C1, TB35C1 and TB35C2 were the first Vox amps to utilize this traditionally "US" output tube. And for some reason unknown to me, Vox is the tone of choice in P&W. Thread starter hitsware; Start date 2020-07-13 6:53 pm; Jump to Latest hitsware. Para hacer este artículo más visual, vamos a ayudarnos de una herramienta muy útil, como es el Tone Stack Calculator que podemos encontrar en la página de Duncan Amps Vox ToneStack Vemos un Mesa Mark series - classic Fender/Marshall/Vox (FMV) tonestack after the first gainstage, a few gainstages after, and a graphic EQ at the end of the chain. Designed with an emphasis on analog, VOX’s MV50 combines classic amplifier design with new and innovative production techniques to produce a miniature amplifier with truly monstrous sound. 022uF coupling cap inside the Tone Stack and the one I copypasted has it outside the picture, coming from the earlier stage. The Vox P15SMR Pathfinder Mini Stack uses the solid state 15 watt chassis from the Vox Pathfinder Reverb combo amp. The four-band EQ, optimized for bass players, allows for a more detailed control of the UK VOX AMPS. The Mini Superbeetle's matching open-back cabinet is loaded with a custom 10" Celestion speaker. The Pathfinder SMR408 Mini Stack uses the solid state 15 watt chassis from the Vox Pathfinder Reverb combo amp but now mounted into a head cabinet and coupled to a compact closed back speaker enclosure. It looks the part, too, with an iconic chrome stand and distinctive Vox styling. ), è possibile inoltre cambiare i valori dei componenti e vedere cosa succede variando il cursore dei potenziometri. This gives a pronounced mid frequency dip throughout the sweep, while still being able to raise bass and lower treble, or lower bass and raise treble. An open-backed cabinet equipped with one 10-inch Celestion speaker. On the basis that "the more knobs, the better", I started the design using the FVM tone stack. There have already been sound schemes with three controllers in the 50s, the "Fender stack" has prevailed in the 60's and was rebuilt with some changes by Mashall and Vox. The treble booster effects the tone in a much different way than a normal drive/boost would and I think it is the absolute best pairing for the Vox tone Just to add to this Vox discussion, any thoughts on how to incorporate a post PI MV on an AC30 style build, particularly with that Tone Cut circuit in the same location? Would it go before or after the tone control? Either? What might be the difference if either works? Joe The three knob tone stack has been around since the beginning of bass amplifiers. -- "pre" means the tone controls (Bass, Mid, and Treble) are before the "Gain" distortion, which is actually a pretty fully modelled amp distortion just like in a Line 6 POD or Tech 21 SansAmp. At any volume except way too loud there is not a lot of breakup. Not sure if I would (or could!) attempt a straight up clone, but maybe something with a similar setup (Buffer-> Soft Clipping Stage -> Tone stack -> Hard Clipping Stage -> Cut Control -> Recovery stage -> Volume) might be interesting to try. Vox AC-50 "Big Box" Super Twin. And a lot of mods have been published very well by Lyle Caldwell of Psionic Audio - all of the mods I mention in this article originated from blog postings from Lyle The stock tone stack treble capacitor at C16 is 56pF . And then try to find values that could work and give a similar curve. ) A I'd like to try replacing the bridged t tone stack with the tone switch that is used on the second channel of a Matchless DC30. Vox AC15 tube amplifier stack at a Glance: AC15CH 15-watt tube amplifier head Vox AC15 Tube Amplifier Stack: Amp stack built around the AC15 tone 2 x 12" speaker cabinet 2 x Celestion G12M Greenback speakers Rated at 16 Ohms Open back Part 1 of a planned 5 part series on tone stacks for amplifiers. The Vox cut control is a pot and capacitor put between the two outputs of a phase inverter. Video TS1: Tone Stack ConceptsVideo TS2: Big MuffVideo TS3: Sizing the bright cap for a Big M New Month We are at $30 this month in Donations. With any Traynor I’ve used or owned I can get a wide range of tones and breakup starts at a reasonable volume level. In non-master volume amps (Vox ACs, Fender Tweeds, Marshall Super Leads, Regarded by many as the gold standard of Vox-style pedals but almost impossible to find, Brian Mena’s TBIAC is a replica of the entire Vox AC30 circuit, complete with the tone stack. Also on tone stack insertion loss, the CF was used earlier by fender and marshall, to place the tone stack after the CF. The Treble pot, however, is now pretty much independent of the Bass pot, so that more treble cut is available even with the bass pot set to max. By Rob Robinette The FMV or TMB (Fender/Marshall/Vox Treble Mid Bass) tone stack has been around since the 1950's and has become a staple with Fender and Marshall amps. rangemaster clones) are key. The Vox "Cut" tone control is similar to all other treble cut controls, but the doubt (not properly answered yet) is what's the "R" value to be considered . Just add an SPST ON/OFF mini-switch to the Mid pot's (or 6. Tweak controls and component values and compare frequency responses in real time. That should be the only difference but might effect the interaction. donation. ** I Top Boost (Duncan's "Vox" circuit) Tilt (Same as in TSC) Bone Ray (Developed by Merlin Blencowe, "The Valve Wizard") Full version adds: 60TC (Carlsbro 60TC) 6G7 (Fender Bandmaster) Baxandall Tone Stack Calculator won't let you put a wire there; there needs to be a cap. The original Vox company (Jennings) also builds the original amps, under the name of JMI. In addition to Gain, Volume I was trying to sort out the various rumored tone stacks at the time. And the famous Vox AC series two-button control circuit: Vox Stephen Delft’s Moonlight tone stack Tone calculator program I’ll try out 2 variants – Marshall and Vox style stacks found in Tone Stack Calculator. All of the stacks had a flat response at zero treble/bass but there was a huge difference in attenuation - one was nearly 30db if I recall correctly. In a BF Fender, it is lower--around 450-500hz. In the soundcloud clip you posted, it sounds like there is a pedal in the circuit. Known for its distinct sound and versatility, the AC15 is a favorite among guitarists of all genres. Me and fellow forum member ~arph had some discussion about this at that time, but the idea did not catch fire then. The author admits himself a layman, and endeavors to translate the relative arcane language of electronic engineering into simpler English. This is especially crappy if you plan on using distortion or some boost pedals. Many thanks in advance! 1) In attempts to make as period correct as possible, will look to change back all metal/carbon film resistors to carbon comp resistors. The tone stack is analyzed in detail in the DAFx-06 paper found in the Publications link. the tweed deluxe is such a low part count that every value and adjustment matters, and again interacts I was going to go through it with my meter and get the cap readings. VOX Continental V . The Vox AC-30 flagship amplifier came to life in ’59 because the existing AC-15 simply wasn’t loud enough. The AC-30 doubled the number of power tubes. This configuration allows players to shape the tonal characteristics of the amp, from warm and smooth to bright and aggressive. Que cada fabricante utilice un modelo de tone stack u otro, no define el carácter definitivo del amplificador, pero si es una parte importante. Introduced by Fender in 1957 in the 5F6 Bassman, it was later copied by Marshall, Vox, The Vox tone stack is a tricky one to pair with pedals. All rights reserved. And then try to find values that could work and give a A reverse-engineered tone stack from my Aria bass amplifier has been added as an extra bonus. Big Muff EQ Fender Marshall. They are attenuating the signal so it is a good idea to For the full story, see this excellent Vox expert's website: Essentially, this amp is a mini-stack version of Vox's excellent Pathfinder P15R combo. addendum, passive subtractive tone stacks are very interactive. Boasting an incredible 50 watts of power, A lot of people think Treble Boosts (i. 1 Artist. This is the classic 3 knob tone stack used (in assorted variations) in so many classic amps. When SPICE modelling the effects of the stack, it Different Tone Stacks have endlessly fascinated me over the years. Can a radio using VOX detect a short tone and interpret it as a signal for cutoff of audio signal/transmission? this is A/G radio communication using a Schmid radio. Like any tone stack, its response characteristics can be So in the quest to understand why the Vox tone controls work the way they do, I stumbled across this total gem of an article: This is an important read for understanding the tone stack of most go-to valve amps: Fender, Vox, 2. Guitar amp and pedal tonestack (tone stack) calculator web app. With a everything at noon, there is a pretty hefty bass and treble bump. The speaker cabinet uses a unique bass-reflex structure to obtain the low-end required by a bass amp. The very famous Big Muff circuit. Traditional VOX AC tones, powered by Nutube, with a maximum output of 50W (at 4O). ), as well as how the overall frequency profile is default calibrated at the mid-way / noon mark. That could be the overtones from the chrome flatwound strings, though. The way that a Vox amp is designed, the tone tone stack is flattest when Bass is at 0, and the Treble is at 0. The further away from ground you lift the tone stack, the more mids, but the less effective the controls are. This is an important read for understanding the tone stack of most go-to valve amps: Fender, Vox, and Marshall. Treble/Bass tone stacks usually have a "tail" resistor that connects the tone stack to ground, like 6K8 for Fender Princeton (in the case of the Twin Reverb, it's a 10K Mid pot), or Tone Stack. Some questions I'd like to seek the group's thoughts on. Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, The schematic reveals that the Vox AC4C1-12 features a classic British-style tone stack, consisting of bass, treble, and volume controls. Vox AC-50 "Small Box" Super Twin. You also get a speaker output that accommodates extension cabs of 2. The operation of the Mid and Bass pot's is the same as before. Vox is owned by Korg. Unfortunately none of my efforts sound anywhere near as good as the original vox Key: Tone stack loc. each element plays a crucial role in shaping the Vox ac4c1 12’s signature I suggest you do and check the VOX tone stack there compared to the one above you will be surprised The only difference between the one I posted above and the TSC one is that TSC includes the . "post" means the tone controls Online Tone Stack Calculator . Based on SPICE simulation, 2 this plot of gain in dB versus frequency in hertz assumes the source impedance is 614Ω I used the Tone Stack Calculator application to plot the frequency response of the tone stack, and compare it to those of Pathfinder 15r and an old school VOX stack. I loved the clean channel of the amp & I liked the OD channel really well as long as the drive pot was dialed down. qui vai al link, nel sito della Duncan amplification, è possibile scaricare un sw che permette di simulare al pc la curva di risposta dei varie configurazioni di tone stack (Fender, Marshall, Vox ecc. Tone Stack Bypass or "Raw Switch" This is a great mod for pretty much any amp with a TMB (treble mid bass) tone stack. AC30CH 30-watt tube amplifier head. So 5 bass and treble on the Z might equal 4-6 on the Vox if that makes sense. 3 Tone Stack The tone stack is a passive filter network which allows a guitarist to control the frequency response of the amplifier [1]. A couple of ideas for more midrange options - 1) adding a cap in parallel to the treble cap (usually 250pf in a Fender). By studying the 3 – Vox went with a 56pf treble cap in the tone stack (C16). It's neither the plate resistors nor the pentode biasing ones, but a combination, which must also include the tube plate resistance. Fueled by a NuTube-equipped analog preamp circuit, this 50-watt mini stack exudes authentic Vox tones. 4), but you can try downloading it from the developer's site Checks out the design and response curves of a variety of tone stacks. Order Guitar Stacks from American Musical Supply. ), as well as The real difference between the bluesy vintage tone and the modern "scooped" rock tone come from the position of the tone stack. The "vintage" 47pF value suggested by Lyle is great From large amp stacks to mini-combo amps and multi-effect units, the series boasts a diverse lineup, and can be seen on stage, in the studio, and in the home. You might need two - one as stage to drive the tone stack and then another to recover the gain lost in the tone stack (all tonestacks are The AC15 is a highly popular guitar amplifier model produced by the British company Vox since the 1960s. The best Vox I’ve owned was a Fryette Memphis 30. It has the VOX s The tone stack in the Z wreck has the ground lifted on the bass pot. For audio applications, this scheme would not be suitable Marrying past and present, the Vox Mini SuperBeetle blends '60s iconic aesthetics with cutting-edge technology for a stunning tone. Tried and true, it has fairly high gain loss and big mid scoop. Tone stack types: Fender modern, Vox, Marshall, James (passive predecessor to Baxandall), Fender E series, Steve Bench, Hiwatt tone stack, and now the Big Muff tone stack used in FX units. When Marshall copied the Fender 5F6-A Bassmanalmost verbatim to create the JTM45 amplifier the Fender TMB tone stack came See more Fender’s stack is linear. 3: 06/01/2015: I've also used pseudo 5E3 tone stacks in overdrive channels in the other D-inspired amps I've built. Joined 2002. This design of tone stack is still used in the modern amps. Share. The Honey Amp's tone stack is a modified BMP tone stack that was carefully adjusted to match the frequency sweep as closely as possible to the original Vox AC30 Top Boost circuit. The whole thing is really a So I'm almost there with restoring a late 60's Vox AC-30 (JMI circuit). make the 22k resistor to ground a 50-100k pot and that will let you cut and boost the midrange. This amp is LOUD, FULL and RICH with classic Vox tone. Vox did a good job of providing service information and schematics. One half of the first Well, controlling the midrange is a big part of getting a good guitar sounds and the Fender/Marshall/Vox tone stack only goes so far in doing that. Also new in the bass model is a compressor that’s an important part of shaping your sound, providing good sustain and consistently tight and stable tone. Vox Valvetronix AD-120VTH with Foot Switch. The tone stack takes its name probably from the stacked capacitors (or potentiometers) in the circuit diagram. A few months back I decided to return to the idea and actually make a prototype. It also includes a sag control for amp-like compression and an independently switchable boost circuit into the front end. The Hartke Tone Stack controls are also labelled Bass and Treble, but the enhanced 2-knob Mid-section offers both Shape and Frequency controls. Keep in mind that the tone controls on Vox amps work very differently than the Fender/Marshall tone stack (the Treble/Bass/Mid knob setup) you see on the majority of amps. - Terms/PrivacyTerms/Privacy make the 39k resistor a 50k pot, and that will work as a treble cut. In addition to Gain, Volume, Treble, and Bass Controls, the P15R even includes Tremolo and spring Unlock the potential of your USB-equipped VOX product with the Tone Room. Vox AC-30 Custom Classic 412 Half Stack. Please consider making a donation. The treble knob would be replaced by a the cut circuit found in Vox amps (as well as the Matchless). this amp has an amazing tube like tone. In general, the typical Fender, Marshall, Vox stack does cut mids and work best when an amp is run clean to only slightly clipped. Treble/Bass tone stacks usually have a "tail" resistor that connects the tone stack to ground, like 6K8 for Fender Princeton (in the case of the Twin Reverb, it's a 10K Mid pot), or higher value for Marshall (like 25K Mid pot). But, you can simulate a wire with a HUGE cap. 3: 02/04/2016: Build 44 - Units of measure such as Henries, Ohms added to the schematics. If you were to use (say) J201s, you could make a preamp and put the tone controls in there. But by varying component values you can get a lot of different tone stacks. 3: 21/03/2017: Build 47 - Bug fix on VOX schematic, desktop icon fixed, new button to reset controls: 1. I believe Brian May simply used the normal input on his vox amps which have no tone stack, just a While the AC30’s gutsy Top Boost tone circuit (a variation of a cathode-follower tone stack) was considered Vox’s hot feature from the early 1960s onward and even into the boutique era of the past 15 years or so, the AC15’s Normal (or Brilliant) channel carried a powerful EF86 pentode tube that made this an even hotter preamp circuit. Many different tone stack implementations exist, but this design uses what is known as the FMV tone stack. To my ears, cranking the drive pot (& cranking the OD up a lot) began to give the OD more of a distorted tone that wasn't very If you take a look at Fender vs Vox tone stacks on a graph, the vox actually has a greater degree of db loss in the midrange with all controls at 12:00 than a Fender circuit - compensated by the tiny 500pf coupling caps that boost high end and upper mid content throughout the entire amp starting right at stage 1. miller-music. By replacing the bass and middle pots with resistors you are left with just the treble control Order Guitar Stacks from American Musical Supply. Components: Values can be altered simply by double-clicking on the component. The Z also uses CTS 1M Audio taper pots which have a different taper than Alphas or others. Follow us on ©2002-2025 Kldguitar Electronics. Download Review Comments Questions & Answers . a movement of the bass knob will affect what the treble knob is doing. I do not know much about filters and plotting curves, so I would appreciate any feedback This Mini Stack Kicks Like a Mule! For a small amp with jaw-dropping British punch, look to the Vox MSB25 Mini Superbeetle. Crowther Hotcake and Proco Rat are cited a lot for getting a good high-gain tone out of the amp. Inspired by TSC in the web and Duncan Amps TSC. We offer 0% interest payment plans, fast free shipping, extended coverage warranty & 45 day guarantee. Complete with the iconic chrome stand and distinctive VOX styling, the Mini Superbeetle It is a 120p cap which bleeds treble through the signal when normal volume is low. the original pot will still pan around the circuit. It features a 15 Watt head, a matching 2 x 10 inch vertical cabinet loaded with specially-voiced Celestion speakers, along with a wealth of time-honored VOX tones. Grid bias: 220K+220K=440K Plate resistors: 82K+100K=182K Vox Mini SuperBeetle Stack Features Iconic design inherited from the classic stacks of the British Invasion. A I did a bit more research and the C67 mod is a tone stack mod, not a trebble mod. My plan is to remove the tone stack starting at C3 and to reattached it at pin 7 of V1B. Fueled by a NuTube-equipped analog preamp circuit, this 25-watt mini stack exudes authentic Vox tones. The Vox AC30CH delivers the classic chime and complex grind that has made the brand famous. e. Simply click on the appropriate tab to bring up a different schematic. Yes, yes, well you see. Set on 0, as we’ll see after the jump, there’s no volume coming from the amp. This Vox AC30 Stack puts the classic sound and power of a Vox tube amp at the end of your guitar cable. Killer throwback looks and classic Vox tone in a compact design! The Vox Mini SuperBeetle features new analog NuTube circuitry for . the Fender and Marshall the same circuit, only the parts value of the change. In this second of a two-part video series featuring the design and function of tube amplifier (passive) tone stacks, the following topics are covered: 1. Vox, on the other Fender/Marshall/Vox. Bear in mind, however, that there's nowhere to place a tone stack in a simple LM386 amp (guitar-LM386-speaker). The absence of a tone stack, indeed of any tone controls at all in the preamp, means that the AC30 preamp’s one little gain stage is actually capable of pushing the power amp into overdrive. Build 52 - Hiwatt tone stack added, unlimited undo/redo feature added: 1. But if you go to the Duncanamps pages, there is a great bit of free software you can easily download and use, called the Tone Stack Calculator or TSC. Most tone stacks in the Fender/Marshall/Vox family sport a pretty deep (-10dB to -35dB, depending on the component values and settings) and narrow mid-scoop, the reasoning of which is that Leo felt that a guitar pickup was a very mid-rangey device, so the tone stack was designed accordingly. Mini and mighty, the Vox Mini Superbeetle inherits the iconic look of the '60s and adds analog Nutube circuitry for authentic tube tone. Vox AC30 tube amplifier stack at a Glance: AC30CH 30-watt tube amplifier head V212C Hand-Wired 2x12 Extension Cab. This Mini Stack Kicks Like a Mule! For a small bass amp with impressive punch and vibrant tone, look to the Vox Mini Superbeetle Bass stack. In fact, it is often referred to as the FMV (Fender Marshall Vox) tone stack circuit. 4 – they have made the Normal channel fairly useless in tone (way too dark or way too bright) and limited its max gain. kftbh ncn pefuwe rqwrktc nlxgd uglua qvbeal owf uwrss ngiqso phprpw cutjkw ymcs gsazsq rzi